Effect of a demineralization model on the microhardness, surface roughness and topography of giomers: An in vitro study.

The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of a demineralization model on the microhardness, surface roughness, and topography of giomers.Seventy-two discs of six different dental materials in three different presentations (pit and fissure sealant (PFS), flowable and restorative materials) were divided into six groups (n = 12 p/g). Three experimental groups (giomers) consisted of BeautiSealant, Beautifil Flow Plus, and Beautifil II, and three control groups (resin-based materials) were formed using ClinproTM, FiltekTM Z350 XT Flow, and Filtek™ Bulk Fill materials. Vickers microhardness, surface roughness, and topographic analysis with atomic force microscopy were measured at the beginning (0) after four (1) and 7 days (2) of immersion in a demineralizing model. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way and Repeated Measures ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient (p ≤ .05). The microhardness values showed significant variations, except for the G_RM group. All the groups presented significant increases in roughness through the experiment stages, except for RB_PFS in the Ra parameter. The topographic analysis showed variations in the micromorphology, especially in the experimental group at the end of the demineralization model. Finally, there was no correlation between microhardness and surface roughness. The demineralization model decreased the microhardness, with the lowest reductions in the giomers groups. The effect of the demineralizing model on the surface roughness and topography showed an increase in specific patterns for the experimental and control groups. Therefore, their clinical use is recommended. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The demineralization model decreased the microhardness property of the evaluated materials, with better performance for the giomer groups. The effect of the demineralizing model on surface roughness showed an increase with specific patterns for the experimental and control groups. Although the materials presented changes in their microhardness, roughness, and topography, their clinical use is recommended.

Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates Associated with Smoking and Chewing Tobacco Use and the Human Development Index in 172 Countries Worldwide: An Ecological Study 2019-2020.

Tobacco use is associated with diseases worldwide, including cancer. This is one of the major public health problems globally, causing more than 19 million new cases in 2020. Lip and oral cavity cancer (LOCC) is neoplastic growth in the tongue, gums, and lips. The objective of this ecological study was to quantify the strength of the association between incidence and mortality of LOCC, with tobacco use and with the Human Development Index (HDI). Incidence and mortality data on LOCC were obtained for 172 countries in 2020, from the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN). The prevalence of tobacco smoking and chewing was obtained from reports conducted in 2019. The inequality in human development was estimated using the HDI from the United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report (2019). Statistically significant correlations were observed between the incidence of LOCC and tobacco smoking and chewing prevalence, except for negative correlations between the prevalence of tobacco smoking LOCC mortality in women, just as in the case of the HDI. No statistically significant differences were found between the prevalence of tobacco chewing only and the incidence of LOCC overall and by sex. A higher LOCC incidence overall and by sex was associated with higher HDI. In conclusion, the present study found positive correlations for various HDI socioeconomic indicators and tobacco use with the incidence and mortality of LOCC, but also a few inverse correlations.

Effects of Nitrurized Titanium on Microhardness and Human Dental Pulp Stem Cell Adhesion and Differentiation.

To compare the Vickers microhardness, surface roughness, initial adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation on titanium (Ti) and nitrurized titanium (NTi) plates were treated by UV irradiation and chitosan. Each plate was subjected to Vickers hardness with a pressure of 2.9 N for 10 seconds and roughness evaluation by atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis. Three groups of each type of plates were tested: control (C), ultraviolet irradiation (UV), and chitosan (Q). The UV group was exposed to UV-irradiation for 20 min at 253.7 nm (52 µW/cm2). The Q group was coated with 1% chitosan, and the C group had no treatment. The osteoblasts (2 × 106 cells/mL) were inoculated in each group for 60 min and their viability was determined by the MTT bioassay. Osteogenic differentiation was performed over 4 weeks and determined by alizarin red staining. The mean was analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilks, Kruskall-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests of normality (n = 9/gp). The NTi plates hardness (125.1 ± 4.01 HV) was higher (P = 0.026) than the Ti plates (121.3 ± 2.23 HV). The surface topography was: NTi (Ra = 0.098 µm) and Ti (Ra = 0.212 µm). The quantification of cell adhesion was: Ti + Q = 123 ± 4.9% (P < 0.05) < NTi + Q = 107 ± 3.3% < Ti = 100 ± 10.7% < NTi = 72 ± 6.8% < NTi + UV = 71 ± 4.4% < Ti + UV = 69 ± 3.5%, regardless the plates, the presence of chitosan induce a faster osteogenic differentiation. The Ti + Q plates tested the highest cell attachment and osteogenic adhesion suggesting their potential use of chitosan for cell-implant interaction.

Trends in Cleft lip and/or Palate Prevalence at Birth in Mexico: A National (Ecological) Study Between 2003 and 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in cases and prevalence at birth rates of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in Mexico between 2003 and 2019. DESIGN: Ecological study. SETTING: Multiple data sources systematically collected into a national epidemiological surveillance data warehouse. PARTICIPANTS: National Live Birth Information System. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Both cases and prevalence at birth rates of CL/P in Mexico within a 17-year period were used as dependent variables. RESULTS: At the national level there were 23 184 new cases of CL/P (average of 1364 per year) in the 32 states of Mexico, with an average prevalence at birth rate of 0.53 per 1000 live births. The states with the highest prevalence at birth rates of CL/P during the period were Hidalgo (1.59) and Jalisco (1.32), while the states with the lowest rates were Nayarit (0.22) and Durango (0.29). A slight decrease in both cases (z = -2.41, P = .016) and prevalence at birth rates (z = -2.58, P = .010) of CL/P was observed at the national level. States such as Durango, Puebla, Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Mexico City, State of Mexico, Coahuila and Jalisco showed a clear downward trend (P < .05) in their prevalence at birth of CL/P between 2003 and 2019, while in Hidalgo its trend was upward (P = .05). Significant differences by sex and region were observed (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Some states consistently had the highest or lowest prevalence of CL/P. Decreasing trends in the overall prevalence at birth rates were observed. More detailed, epidemiological studies are necessary to adequately characterize CL/P in the Mexican population.

Enhancement of fluoride release in glass ionomer cements modified with titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

BACKGROUND: Several efforts have been made to improve the glass ionomer cements (GICs) properties with nanotechnology. Fluoride release in once of most beneficial properties of GICs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fluoride release, recharge, and cytotoxicity in GICs reinforced with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2N). OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the fluoride release, recharge, and cytotoxicity in GICs reinforced with TiO2N. METHODS: Four GICs, FUJI IX EXTRA (G1c), KETAC MOLAR (G2c), IONOFILL MOLAR (G3c), and FUJI IX (G4c) were combined with TiO2N (G1e, G2e, G3e, and G4e) and divided into blocks of 5-mm width and 1-mm thickness 10 each. A total of 80 samples were arranged as follows: GICs alone as negative control (n = 40) and GICs + TiO2N as experimental groups (n = 40). The fluoride release was determined for periods of 1, 2, 6, 10, 31, 90, 180, 240, and 300 days. On days 30 and 179, samples were recharged by submerging in 1 mL of 20,000 ppm sodium fluoride gel. Cytotoxic activity was carried out with gingival fibroblasts, using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell viability assay. RESULTS: The experimental groups obtained the highest and more constant fluoride released when compared to control groups. After the first recharge, experimental groups (G1e, G3e, and G4e) showed statistically significant results (P = .001, 0.010, and 0.001 respectively) enhancing their recharge ability regarding control groups. The second recharge showed better results in G1e concerning the rest of the groups. No cytotoxic activity was observed in all experimental groups, although significant differences were observed in G3e and G4e regarding control group. CONCLUSION: The incorporation of TiO2N enhance the fluoride release in glass ionomers with a noncytotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblasts.

Traumatic dental injuries in 6 to 12 years old schoolchildren: a multicenter cross-sectional study in Mexico.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental trauma in schoolchildren 6 to 12 years of age and associated clinical, sociodemographic, and socioeconomic variables. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 477 children from public elementary schools in four locations in Mexico. The dependent variable was dental trauma, which was dichotomized in 0 = without dental trauma and 1 = with dental trauma. For the statistical analysis, a multivariate binary logistic regression model was generated in Stata. Average age was 9.06±1.94 years and 51.1% were girls. The prevalence of dental trauma was 18.2%. Falls, automobile accidents and sports had the highest number of instances (p < 0.01). In the multivariate model, it was observed that the risk of dental trauma increased with age (OR = 1.28) and among boys (OR = 1.45). Schoolchildren with decreased overjet (OR = 0.38) had lower dental trauma. Father's age (OR = 1.03) and educational level (OR = 1.78) were associated with dental trauma. Schoolchildren without health insurance (OR = 0.62) presented dental trauma less often. This study provided important information regarding the association of different sociodemographic, socioeconomic and clinical variables with dental trauma in Mexican schoolchildren. Identifying factors associated with dental trauma may support health promotion opportunities to ameliorate the prevalence of dental trauma.

Effect of Surface Roughness of Deciduous and Permanent Tooth Enamel on Bacterial Adhesion.

The adhesion of some bacteria has been attributed to critical levels of roughness in hard tissues, which increases the risk of developing caries. The objective of this work was to assess the effect of deciduous and permanent tooth enamel surface roughness on bacterial adhesion. One hundred and eight samples of deciduous and permanent enamel were divided into two groups (n = 54). G1_DE deciduous enamel and G2_PE permanent enamel. The surface roughness was measured by profilometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Subsequently, the evaluation of bacterial adherence was carried out in triplicate by means of the XTT cell viability test. Additionally, bacterial adhesion was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The average values of the micrometric roughness in both groups were similar; however, in the nanometric scale they presented significant differences. Additionally, the G1_DE group showed the highest amount of adhered S. mutans and S. sanguinis compared to the G2_EP group. Although the roughness of deciduous and permanent enamel showed contrasting results according to the evaluation technique (area and scale of analysis), bacterial adhesion was greater in deciduous enamel; hence, enamel roughness may not be a determining factor in the bacterial adhesion phenomenon.

Mechanical Properties and Antibacterial Effect on Mono-Strain of Streptococcus mutans of Orthodontic Cements Reinforced with Chlorhexidine-Modified Nanotubes.

Recently, several studies have introduced nanotechnology into the area of dental materials with the aim of improving their properties. The objective of this study is to determine the antibacterial and mechanical properties of type I glass ionomers reinforced with halloysite nanotubes modified with 2% chlorhexidine at concentrations of 5% and 10% relative to the total weight of the powder used to construct each sample. Regarding antibacterial effect, 200 samples were established and distributed into four experimental groups and six control groups (4 +ve and 2 -ve), with 20 samples each. The mechanical properties were evaluated in 270 samples, assessing microhardness (30 samples), compressive strength (120 samples), and setting time (120 samples). The groups were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the antibacterial activity of the ionomers was evaluated on Streptococcus mutans for 24 h. The control and positive control groups showed no antibacterial effect, while the experimental group with 5% concentration showed a zone of growth inhibition between 11.35 mm and 11.45 mm, and the group with 10% concentration showed a zone of growth inhibition between 12.50 mm and 13.20 mm. Statistical differences were observed between the experimental groups with 5% and 10% nanotubes. Regarding the mechanical properties, microhardness, and setting time, no statistical difference was found when compared with control groups, while compressive strength showed higher significant values, with ionomers modified with 10% concentration of nanotubes resulting in better compressive strength values. The incorporation of nanotubes at concentrations of 5% and 10% effectively inhibited the presence of S. mutans, particularly when the dose-response relationship was taken into account, with the advantage of maintaining and improving their mechanical properties.

Evaluation of tooth demineralization using laser-fluorescence in dental school patients undergoing orthodontic treatment: A clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Adverse effects can occur during orthodontic treatment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between prevalence and severity of enamel demineralization using a laser-fluorescence device, with length of orthodontic treatment time. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 60 patients in a university orthodontic clinic. A clinical examination to establish demineralization at four sites on each tooth (premolar to premolar) was performed using the DIAGNOdent pen. The dependent variable was enamel demineralization, from which the prevalence (at least one affected site), extension (percentage of affected teeth) and adjusted average (average of the mean DIAGNOdent values per tooth) were calculated. The length of time for orthodontic treatment was determined in months. Various sociodemographic and clinical covariates were included. RESULTS: Average number of months under orthodontic treatment was 26.37 ± 24.81 months. Prevalence of enamel demineralization was 80.0%, its extension was 21.9% ± 17.2 and adjusted average of DIAGNOdent values was 6.09 ± 1.75. By quadrant, the teeth most affected were 14 (34.4%), 24 (25.0%), 31 (30.2%) and 44 (33.3%). No significant relationship (p> 0.05) was observed between enamel demineralization and length of time under orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of dental demineralization was observed. In this sample, no relationship was observed between months under treatment and dental demineralization, or with other variables included in the study.

Factors Associated with Self-Report of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults Seeking Dental Care in a Developing Country.

The aims of the present study were to identify the prevalence and risk indicators of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in urban-based Mexican adults seeking care in a university-based triage/intake dental clinic, and to develop a predictive model. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3354 medical/dental records of adults who sought care at the triage/intake dental clinics of a public university. The dependent variable was self-report of a previous diagnosis of T2DM made by a physician. Several socio-demographic and socioeconomic covariates were included, as well as others related to oral and general health. A multivariate binary logistic regression model was generated. We subsequently calculated well-known statistical measures employed to evaluate discrimination (classification) using an (adjusted) multivariate logistic regression model (goodness-of-fit test). The average age of patients was 42.5 ± 16.1 years old and the majority were female (64.1%). The prevalence of T2DM was 10.7% (95%CI = 9.7−11.8). In the final multivariate model, the variables associated (p < 0.05) with the presence of T2DM were older age (40 to 59 years old, OR = 2.00; 60 to 95 years old, OR = 2.78), having any type of health insurance (OR = 2.33), having high blood pressure (OR = 1.70), being obese (OR = 1.41), and having a functional dentition (OR = 0.68). Although the global fit of the model and the calibration tests were adequate, the sensitivity (0.0%) and positive predictive (0.0%) values were not. The specificity (100%) and negative predictive (89.3%) values, as well as the correctly classified (89.3%) value, were adequate. The area under the ROC curve, close to 0.70, was modest. In conclusion, a prevalence of T2DM of 10.7% in this sample of Mexican adults seeking dental care was similar to national figures. Clinical (blood pressure, BMI and functional dentition), demographic (age), and socioeconomic (health insurance) variables were found to be associated with T2DM. The dental setting could be appropriate for implementing preventive actions focused on identifying and helping to reduce the burden of T2DM in the population.

Traumatic dental injuries in 6 to 12 years old schoolchildren: a multicenter cross-sectional study in Mexico

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental trauma in schoolchildren 6 to 12 years of age and associated clinical, sociodemographic, and socioeconomic variables. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 477 children from public elementary schools in four locations in Mexico. The dependent variable was dental trauma, which was dichotomized in 0 = without dental trauma and 1 = with dental trauma. For the statistical analysis, a multivariate binary logistic regression model was generated in Stata. Average age was 9.06±1.94 years and 51.1% were girls. The prevalence of dental trauma was 18.2%. Falls, automobile accidents and sports had the highest number of instances (p < 0.01). In the multivariate model, it was observed that the risk of dental trauma increased with age (OR = 1.28) and among boys (OR = 1.45). Schoolchildren with decreased overjet (OR = 0.38) had lower dental trauma. Father's age (OR = 1.03) and educational level (OR = 1.78) were associated with dental trauma. Schoolchildren without health insurance (OR = 0.62) presented dental trauma less often. This study provided important information regarding the association of different sociodemographic, socioeconomic and clinical variables with dental trauma in Mexican schoolchildren. Identifying factors associated with dental trauma may support health promotion opportunities to ameliorate the prevalence of dental trauma.

Comparison of Two Types of Pit and Fissure Sealants in Reducing the Incidence of Dental Caries Using a Split-Mouth Design.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of two pit and fissure sealants (PFS) in reducing the incidence of dental caries in schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized split-mouth experimental design was used in a sample of 140 subjects assigned to two groups. The sealants used were Clinpro©3M and BeautiSealant©Shofu placed in first permanent molars (FPMs). Each sealant was compared to molars in the controls to determine effectiveness over a period of 6 months. The study had a 12.9% loss to follow-up. No statistically significant differences (p>0.05) were observed for sex, age, baseline dmft, or type of sealants. Nonparametric tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Average dmft index at baseline was 4.10±3.16. Lower incidence of caries was observed in FPMs with pit and fissure sealants (p<0.01), regardless of the type used. When sealants remained intact there was a lower caries incidence compared to sealants partially or completely missing - but differences were only significant for FPM 16. Caries incidence was higher for BeautiSealant sealed teeth than for Clinpro's, but only statistically significant in FPMs 16, 36 and 46 (p< 0.05). Caries incidence was higher in those cases with a higher baseline dmft but it only reached statistical significance in FPMs 26 and 36. Relative risks for dental caries were lower in sealed teeth (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Pit and fissures sealants are an effective preventive treatment to reduce caries during a 6-month follow-up in schoolchildren 6 to 8 years of age, regardless of the type of sealant used. The sealant brand that showed greater effectiveness in terms of prevention and retention was Clinpro©3M.

Copper nanoparticles as nanofillers in an adhesive resin system: An in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: The incorporation of an antibacterial agent into an adhesive could improve its clinical performance. Some nanoparticles (NPs), including copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs), display an antibacterial effect. Therefore, Cu NPs could act as a nanofiller when added to an adhesive. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and shear bond strength (SBS) of an experimental dental adhesive with Cu NPs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Different concentrations (0.0050 wt%, 0.0075 wt% and 0.0100 wt%) of Cu NPs were added to the adhesive. The distribution of Cu NPs in the polymer matrix was observed based on transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. The antimicrobial activity of the adhesive + Cu NPs was evaluated with the agar disk diffusion test against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). The cytotoxicity assay was performed by means of the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method with human pulp cells (HPC). Additionally, the SBS tests were carried out (n = 31) and the modes of fracture were registered. The vestibular and lingual surfaces of each tooth were randomly assigned to the study groups (group I - control adhesive; group II - adhesive + 0.0100 wt% Cu NPs). The samples were statistically analyzed (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: The adhesive + 0.0100 wt% Cu NPs showed inhibition zones against the strains under study that were similar to, or slightly smaller than, the halos produced by chlorhexidine (CHX) and specific drugs for each strain (30 µg of cefotaxime against S. mutans and S. aureus, and 1.25/3.75 µg of sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim against E. coli). The control adhesive was moderately cytotoxic (relative cell viability of 36.7 ±0.8%), being more cytotoxic than Cu NPs themselves (58.3 ±0.1%). A significantly higher SBS was obtained for the adhesive + 0.0100 wt% Cu NPs (6.038 ±2.95 MPa) than for the control group (3.278 ±1.75 MPa). The modes of fracture in group I were almost equally distributed between adhesive and cohesive failures whereas in group II, the failure was mainly cohesive. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that incorporating Cu NPs into an adhesive improves its SBS and provides it with antibacterial properties, without increasing its inherent cytotoxicity - 2 desirable characteristics for the dental adhesives of composites.

Silver nanoparticles in orthodontics, a new alternative in bacterial inhibition: in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study is to assess the antiadherent and antibacterial properties of surface-modified different orthodontic brackets with silver nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, using radiomarker. METHODS: In this study evaluated quantitatively the adherence of Streptococci to orthodontic brackets, 300 samples of orthodontic brackets were selected and classified in to 10 groups as follow: GIn (InVu-Roth), GIIn (System-AlexanderLTS), GIIIn (Gemini-Roth), GIVn (NuEdge-Roth), GVn (Radiance plus-Roth), GVI (InVu-Roth), GVII (System-AlexanderLTS), GVIII (Gemini-Roth), GIX (NuEdge-Roth), GX (Radiance plus-Roth). All the samples were sonicated and Streptococci were cultivated by gender. A radioactive marker (3H) was used to codify the bacteria and measure them. After that, the brackets were submerged in a radiolabelled solution, and the radiation was measured. The statistical analysis was calculated with ANOVA test (Sheffè post hoc). RESULTS: The results showed significant differences were found among the groups. GIIIn shown the lowest scores for both bacteria; in contrast, GIX for Streptococcus mutans and GVI for Streptococcus sobrinus were the highest values. CONCLUSIONS: Surface modification of orthodontic brackets with silver nanoparticles can be used to prevent the accumulation of dental plaque and the development of dental caries during orthodontic treatment.

Tooth loss in patients with and without diabetes: A large-scale, cross-sectional study of Mexican adults.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to compare the experience and distribution of tooth loss in people with and without diabetes. METHODS: The authors conducted a comparative cross-sectional study of patients at a public university. Analysis included medical records of those treated from 2013 through 2017. The dependent and main independent variables were the number of missing teeth and a diagnosis of diabetes, respectively. As covariables, the authors analyzed the sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics, as well as the general and oral health status of patients. A multivariate model based on negative binomial regression was constructed. RESULTS: Of the 3,406 medical records analyzed, 64.2% (n = 2,185) pertained to women, the mean age was 42.45 years, 87.9% did not have diabetes, and 12.1% had received a diagnosis of diabetes. The mean (standard deviation) number of missing teeth was 7.46 (7.89), 7.09 (7.60) in patients without diabetes, and 10.12 (9.32) in patients with diabetes. According to our final multivariate model, the expected mean number of missing teeth was 11.4% higher in patients with diabetes than in those without (P = .006). For every 1-year increase in age, the expected mean number of missing teeth increased by 3.9% (P < .001). Other variables related to tooth loss included occupation, marital status, and type of insurance. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicate that the mean number of missing teeth is higher in people with diabetes and suggest that certain socioeconomic inequalities exist in the area of oral health. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The population needs to be apprised of the impact of diabetes on oral health.

Prevalence of Obesity in Elementary School Children and its Association with Dental Caries.

PURPOSE: To determine any associations between obesity and caries activity in the mixed dentition stage among primary school children in a low-income Mexican primary school. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed in Mexican schoolchildren aged 8-12 years. The body mass index (BMI) was obtained, and children were classified as overweight/obese considering age and sex. The experience of caries in permanent and temporary dentition was established with the sum of decayed/missing/filled teeth (DMFT or deft index for permanent or temporal dentition); a caries index for all teeth was also considered (total decay [TD]). Mann-Whitney U-test was used to contrast the distribution between sexes of the quantitative variables and to contrast the distribution of each variable per category, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. Spearman's Rho test was used to establish the correlation between the quantitative variables. Multiple linear regression models were performed to find the relationship between the O'Leary index and the BMI. A Multilayer Perceptron was constructed as follows: (a) dependent variables: deft, DMFT, TD and O'Leary index; (b) factor: BMI; (c) covariable: age. RESULTS: A total of 331 children were included in the study. Dental caries prevalence was 32.4% (95% CI 29.7-35.2), while the mean DMFT was 0.64 (± SD 1.00). Through the Spearmen test, a statistically significant negative correlation was found between BMI-for-age with the total experience of carious lesions (r = -0.127, p = 0.021) and with experience of carious lesions in the deciduous dentition (deft) (r = -0.195, p ≤0.001). But when using the linear and logistic regression models to analyse the relationship with the O'Leary index, BMI was not statistically significant. With the Multilayer Perceptron there appears to be less error in the prediction of deft than the other indexes. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the high prevalence of obesity in primary school children. It also shows the scarce association between carious lesions and obesity.

Effect of Er:YAG laser irradiation on deciduous enamel roughness and bacterial adhesion: An in vitro study.

Laser irradiation has been proposed as a preventive method against dental caries since it is capable to inhibit enamel demineralization by reducing carbonate and modifying organic matter, yet it can produce significant morphological changes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of Er:YAG laser irradiation on superficial roughness of deciduous dental enamel and bacterial adhesion. Fifty-four samples of deciduous enamel were divided into three groups (n = 18 each). G1_control (nonirradiated); G2_100 (7.5 J/cm2 ) and G3_100 (12.7 J/cm2 ) were irradiated with Er:YAG laser at 7.5 and 12.7 J/cm2 , respectively, under water irrigation. Surface roughness was measured before and after irradiation using a profilometer. Afterwards, six samples per group were used to measure bacterial growth by XTT cell viability assay. Adhered bacteria were observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Paired t-, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis and pairwise Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to analyze statistical differences (p < .05). Before treatment, samples showed homogenous surface roughness, and after Er:YAG laser irradiation, the surfaces showed a significant increase in roughness values (p < .05). G3_100 (12.7 J/cm2 ) showed the highest amount of Streptococcus mutans adhered (p < .05). The increase in the roughness of the tooth enamel surfaces was proportional to the energy density used; the increase in surface roughness caused by laser irradiation did not augment the adhesion of Streptococcus sanguinis; only the use of the energy density of 12.7 J/cm2 favored significantly the adhesion of S. mutans.

Study protocol of the cost-effectiveness comparison of two preventive methods in the incidence of caries: A randomized, controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is the most frequent oral disease worldwide and the main cause of tooth loss in children and young adults. One of the most frequently affected areas is the occlusal surfaces of the first permanent molars (FPM) due to their morphological complexity. At present, several preventive treatments can reduce the incidence of this disease in school populations. In Mexico, the most commonly used technologies are those derived from some presentation of fluoride; on the other hand, research on this topic has been limited. OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost-effectiveness of two different methods for preventing the incidence of caries on the FPM of schoolchildren (6-8 years of age) from public primary schools. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a randomized experimental design. Participants will be assigned to two treatment groups of 114 each. In the first group, pit and fissure sealants will be applied, whereas the second group will receive a fluoride varnish. The work will be carried out in schoolchildren that attend public elementary schools in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. The result variable will be the incidence of caries and the total cost of each of the interventions will be calculated in order to calculate the intervention's cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSION: This work will allow us to compare the cost-effectiveness of the pit and fissure sealants and the fluoride varnish in order to determine which offers the best results.

Interproximal caries and premature tooth loss in primary dentition as risk factors for loss of space in the posterior sector: A cross-sectional study.

Dental caries-a highly prevalent public health problem in preschoolers and school children-is the main cause of premature dental loss during childhood, and this may be related to loss of space in the posterior sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether interproximal caries and premature tooth loss (D and/or E) are risk factors for loss of space in the posterior sector.A comparative cross-sectional study (split-mouth type) was performed in schoolchildren (6-8 years old). Seventeen gypsum models were evaluated. These children presented with unilateral loss of a dental organ or interproximal caries (teeth D and/or E) and without such affectations on the other side. Measurements were made with a digital Vernier caliper. The dependent variable was the difference (loss of space, mm) between the control and case sides. The independent variables were type of affectation (interproximal caries or tooth loss), sex, age, arcade, and number of interproximal surfaces affected.The mean age was 6.82 ±â€Š0.44 years and 64.7% were boys. The average space loss was 1.09 ±â€Š0.18 mm (control vs case; P < .0001). A greater loss of space was observed among those who lost a dental organ than those with interproximal caries (P = .0119). A correlation was observed between the variable loss of space and the number of interproximal surfaces affected (r = 0.5712, P = .0166).Interproximal caries and tooth loss were risk factors for loss of space in the posterior segment in this sample of Mexican schoolchildren.

Difference between manual and digital measurements of dental arches of orthodontic patients.

The objective of this study was to compare the differences between the measurements performed manually to those obtained using a digital model scanner of patients with orthodontic treatment.A cross-sectional study was performed in a sample of 30 study models from patients with permanent dentition who attended a university clinic between January 2010 and December 2015. For the digital measurement, a Maestro 3D Ortho Studio scanner (Italy) was used and Mitutoyo electronic Vernier calipers (Kawasaki, Japan) were used for manual measurement. The outcome variables were the measurements for maxillary intercanine width, mandibular intercanine width, maxillary intermolar width, mandibular intermolar width, overjet, overbite, maxillary arch perimeter, mandibular arch perimeter, and palate height. The independent variables, besides age and sex, were a series of arc characteristics. The Student t test, paired Student t test, and Pearson correlation in SPSS version 19 were used for the analysis.Of the models, 60% were from women. Two of nine measurements for pre-treatment and 6 of 9 measurements for post-treatment showed a difference. The variables that were different between the manual and digital measurements in the pre-treatment were maxillary intermolar width and palate height (P < .05). Post-treatment, differences were found in mandibular intercanine width, palate height, overjet, overbite, and maxillary and mandibular arch perimeter (P < .05).The models measured manually and digitally showed certain similarities for both vertical and transverse measurements. There are many advantages offered to the orthodontist, such as easy storage; savings in time and space; facilitating the reproducibility of information; and conferring the security of not deteriorating over time. Its main disadvantage is the cost.